The 8th Chess Olympiad, organised by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), comprised an 'open'[1] tournament, as well as a Women's World Championship contest. The main Olympiad event took place between August 21 and September 19, 1939 in Buenos Aires, Argentina and coincided with the outbreak of World War II.
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There was a record number of entries, with twenty-seven teams taking part. This compared with the nineteen nations participating at the previous Olympiad; the substantial increase being mostly due to the interest shown by other Central and South American nations, including Cuba, led by José Raúl Capablanca on top board.
Due to certain political events, prominent Austrian players Erich Eliskases and Albert Becker were playing under the German flag and official sources referred to the Czechoslovak team as 'Bohemia & Moravia'. Regrettably, two of the teams that did not compete were those that finished first and second at Stockholm, namely the United States and Hungary. Indeed, some nations found the cost of sending a team such a distance for a lengthy period, prohibitively expensive.
Following the Preliminaries, the teams were split into Final Group A or Final Group B, with the former contesting the Hamilton-Russell Cup and the latter playing for the 'Copa Argentina', a trophy presented by the Argentine President.
The preliminaries were played from August 21–31, 1939. There were three groups of seven teams and a group of six. From an all-play-all format, the four top finishers in each group went forward to Final A, the remainder to Final B. Group winners were Bohemia & Moravia (tied with Poland, Group 1), Latvia (Group 2), Argentina (Group 3) and Sweden (Group 4).
The finals commenced on September 1, the date of the commencement of World War II. This led to much confusion amongst the European teams, although most players wanted to continue. The England team, despite having qualified for Final A, were the only team to return home immediately and their place was not filled. Three of five English representatives: Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, Stuart Milner-Barry, and Harry Golombek were soon recruited into Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking centre during World War II.
Concerning the remaining delegations, a crisis assembly was called to vote on how to proceed; this comprised team captains, the hosts and organisers. Leading roles were reportedly taken by Alexander Alekhine (France), Savielly Tartakower (Poland), Albert Becker (Germany) and the president of the Argentine Chess Federation, Augusto de Muro. The verdict was to continue with the Olympiad.[2]
The political ramifications rumbled on however, when it became apparent that six of the scheduled Finals matches could not be played due to tensions aroused by the war. After considerable deliberation and negotiation, a total of six matches (GER-POL, GER-FRA, GER-PAL, B&M-POL, B&M-FRA, ARG-PAL) were declared 2-2 results by mutual forfeit and this allowed the remainder of the competition to be played out to a conclusion.[3]
The results of the Finals were as follows:
Board 1-5 prizes for best individual results (Finals only) went to José Raúl Capablanca (Cuba), Heinz Foerder (Palestine/Israel) and Miguel Najdorf (Poland), Ludwig Engels (Germany), Gunnar Friedemann (Estonia), and Isaias Pleci (Argentina), respectively.
| # | Country | Players | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 | Iceland | Möller, Ásgeirsson, Guðmundsson, Þorvaldsson, Arnlaugsson | 28 |
| 18 | Canada | Morrison, Yanofsky, Opsahl, Holowach, Helman | 28 |
| 19 | Norway | Rojahn, Larsen, Rebnord, Austbø | 27 |
| 20 | Uruguay | Rotunno, Hounie Fleurquin, Gulla, Roux Cabral, Olivera | 26 |
| 21 | Bulgaria | Tsvetkov, Neikirch, Kiprov, Kantardzhiev, Karastoichev | 25½ |
| 22 | Ecuador | Ponce, Morales, Sierra, Suarez Dávila, Ayala | 21 |
| 23 | Guatemala | Vassaux, Asturias, Cruz Bulnes, Salazar | 15½ |
| 24 | Ireland | O'Hanlon, O'Donovan, Kerlin, Minnis, Nash | 15½ |
| 25 | Peru | Dulanto, Pinzón Solis, Castro de Mendoza, Soto, Cayo | 14 |
| 26 | Bolivia | Cordova, Baender, Rodríguez Hurtado, Zavala, Reyes Velasco | 10 |
| 27 | Paraguay | Díaz Pérez, Espínola, Laterza, Boettner, Aponte | 9½ |
In descending order, the board 1-5 prizes for best individual results in Final B went to Ernst Rojahn (Norway), Daniel Yanofsky (Canada), Jón Guðmundsson (Iceland), Mikhail Kantardzhiev (Bulgaria) and Guðmundur Arnlaugsson (Iceland).
The seventh Women's World Chess Championship took place during the Olympiad. The final results were as follows:[4][5][6]
| # | Player | Points |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vera Menchik (England) | 18 |
| 2 | Sonja Graf (Germany) | 16 |
| 3 | Berna Carrasco (Chile) | 15½ |
| 4 | Elfriede Rinder (Germany) | 15 |
| 5 | Mona May Karff (United States) | 14 |
| 6 | Milda Lauberte (Latvia) | 12 |
| 7 | María Teresa Mora (Cuba) | 11 |
| 8 | Catharina Roodzant (Netherlands) | 11 |
| 9 | Blažena Janečková (Bohemia and Moravia) | 9 |
| 10 | Paulette Schwartzmann (France) | 9 |
| 11 | Ingrid Larsen (Denmark) | 8½ |
| 12 | Dora Trepat de Navarro (Argentina) | 8 |
| 13 | Ingeborg Andersson (Sweden) | 7½ |
| 14 | Maria Berea de Montero (Argentina) | 7 |
| 15 | Salome Reischer (Palestine) | 7 |
| 16 | Marianne Stoffels (Belgium) | 7 |
| 17 | M. A. de Vigil (Uruguay) | 6 |
| 18 | Elena Raclauskiene (Lithuania) | 3½ |
| 19 | Ruth Bloch Nakkerud (Norway) | 3 |
| 20 | Anabelle Lougheed (Canada) | 2 |
Sonja Graf traveled to Buenos Aires to play on the German team for the 8th Chess Olympiad. As a result of her outspoken defiance of Hitler's government, she was taken off the list of German participants and took the option of playing under "Liberty", the international flag.
At the conclusion of events, many participants decided to stay in Argentina or moved elsewhere in South America, rather than face an uncertain future by returning to Europe in the midst of a World War. The players affected included Miguel Najdorf, Paulino Frydman, Gideon Stahlberg, Erich Eliskases, Paul Michel, Ludwig Engels, Albert Becker, Heinrich Reinhardt, Jiří Pelikán, Karel Skalička, Markas Luckis, Movsas Feigins, Ilmar Raud, Moshe Czerniak, Meir Rauch, Victor Winz, Aristide Gromer, Franciszek Sulik, Adolf Seitz, Chris De Ronde, Zelman Kleinstein, Sonja Graf and Paulette Schwartzmann.[7] Most of them were Jewish and had come to Buenos Aires in August 1939 on the Belgian steamer "Piriapolis".[8] The ship has therefore come to be regarded as the epitome of Noah's Ark for a generation of chess players.[9][10] Significantly, all members of the German team (Eliskases, Michel, Engels, Becker, Reinhardt) also chose not to return to Nazi Germany.
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